Genetics & Molecular Biology

1.1 Scope & relevance to dentistry; 1.2 Basic biological organization; 1.3 Cell structure with genetic focus

2.1 Chemical nature of nucleic acids; 2.2 DNA structure; 2.3 Types of DNA; 2.4 RNA structure & types; 2.5 Chromatin & chromosomes

3.1 DNA replication – basic concepts; 3.2 Key enzymes in replication; 3.3 Replication in prokaryotes vs eukaryotes (conceptual); 3.4 DNA damage & repair; 3.5 Genetic recombination

4.1 Central dogma ; 4.2 Transcription in prokaryotes and eukaryotes; 4.3 RNA processing (eukaryotes); 4.4 Genetic code; 4.5 Translation

5.1 Regulation in prokaryotes; 5.2 Regulation in eukaryotes; 5.3 Tissue-specific gene expression

6.1 Cell cycle overview; 6.2 Mitosis; 6.3 Meiosis; 6.4 Clinical relevance

7.1 Mendelian principles; 7.2 Modes of inheritance; 7.3 Non-Mendelian inheritance (basic); 7.4 Pedigree analysis

8.1 Basic concepts; 8.2 Hardy–Weinberg principle; 8.3 Applications to disease

9.1 Chromosomal abnormalities; 9.2 Single-gene (monogenic) disorders; 9.3 Multifactorial / complex disorders; 9.4 Oral manifestations of systemic genetic disease

10.1 Nucleic acid isolation and analysis; 10.2 Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR); 10.3 DNA sequencing (intro); 10.4 Molecular markers; 10.5 Cloning & recombinant DNA (introductory)

11.1 Genomics; 11.2 Proteomics; 11.3 Basic bioinformatics; 11.4 Precision / personalised medicine (concept)

12.1 Genetics of craniofacial development; 12.2 Genetic basis of dental anomalies; 12.3 Genetics of oral cancer; 12.4 Pharmacogenetics in dentistry (intro)