Endodontics I

1.1 Definition, scope, goals of endodontic therapy; 1.2 Endodontic terminology (pulpitis, necrosis, apical periodontitis, abscess, sinus tract, flare-up, etc.); 1.3 Endodontics in the restorative plan (endo–restorative continuum; coronal seal concept); 1.4 Indications, contraindications, and referral thresholds (undergrad level); 1.5 Decision-making basics: restorability, periodontal status, strategic value, patient factors; 1.6 Principles of minimal harm: asepsis, preservation of tooth structur

2.1 Pulp anatomy (zones, cells, vascular supply, innervation); 2.2 Pulp physiology relevant to pain and sensibility testing; 2.3 Dentin–pulp complex: reactionary vs reparative dentin; tertiary dentin; 2.4 Age changes: secondary dentin, calcifications, reduced pulp chamber volume; 2.5 Periradicular tissues: PDL, cementum, alveolar bone, apical region; 2.6 Biological basis of periapical healing after disinfection and sealing (intro)

3.1 Etiology: caries, cracks, trauma, iatrogenic factors, restorative trauma; ; 3.2 Pathogenesis: reversible ? irreversible pulpitis ? necrosis ? apical disease; 3.3 Root canal microbiology: biofilm concept; primary vs persistent infection (intro); 3.4 Host response and inflammation: basic concepts relevant to apical periodontitis; 3.5 Periapical lesions overview: granuloma/cyst/abscess (intro differentiation); 3.6 Endodontic flare-ups: causes, prevention principles, basic management overview

4.1 History taking: pain analysis (SOCRATES style), dental history, trauma history; 4.2 Clinical examination: caries/restorations/cracks, swelling, sinus tract, soft tissues; 4.3 Pulp sensibility tests: cold, heat, EPT (technique, interpretation, limitations); 4.4 Periapical tests: percussion, palpation, bite test; mobility; 4.5 Periodontal screening for endo cases: probing patterns, furcation awareness; 4.6 Radiographic interpretation: PDL widening, lamina dura changes, radiolucency; 4.7 Diagno

5.1 Periapical radiographs: technique basics (paralleling vs bisecting angle); 5.2 Endodontic radiographic series concepts (pre-op, WL, master cone, post-op); 5.3 Angulation errors, distortion, apex cut-off prevention; 5.4 Radiographic anatomy relevant to endo (sinus, mental foramen, IAN proximity awareness); 5.5 CBCT basics (intro): indications concept, limitations, radiation awareness

6.1 External root morphology: number of roots, root form, curvatures; 6.2 Internal anatomy: pulp chamber, horns, canal orifices, isthmuses (intro); 6.3 Apical anatomy: apical constriction, apical foramen, delta, accessory canals; 6.4 Common variations by tooth group (broad undergrad overview); 6.5 Clinical implications: missed canals, calcifications, curvatures, extra canals (MB2 awareness)

7.1 Rubber dam: indications, contraindications, patient communication; 7.2 Rubber dam armamentarium: clamp selection, frame, punch, forceps; troubleshooting; 7.3 Endodontic tray setup and four-handed workflow basics; 7.4 Asepsis: disinfection of tooth/restoration, sterile field principles; 7.5 Hand instruments overview: broach (limited), K-file, H-file, reamer (uses and risks); 7.6 Rotary adjuncts (intro): Gates-Glidden/orifice openers (principles + safety)

8.1 Why inflamed pulps are harder to anaesthetize (basic concepts); 8.2 Infiltration vs block techniques (overview relevant to endo); 8.3 Supplemental techniques awareness: intraligamentary, intraosseous, intrapulpal (intro); 8.4 Analgesics overview: NSAIDs/paracetamol principles; premedication concept (jurisdictional); 8.5 Emergency pain relief principles and when to refer

9.1 Objectives: straight-line access, complete de-roofing, conservative pericervical dentin; 9.2 Pre-op assessment: radiographs, restorability, existing restorations; 9.3 Access designs by tooth type: incisors/canines/premolars/molars (principles); 9.4 Pulp chamber floor anatomy: orifice location concepts, “map” interpretation; 9.5 Canal scouting and negotiation (intro): small files, patency concept (as taught); 9.6 Errors and prevention: gouging, missed canals, furcal/lateral perforation, over-

10.1 Definitions: WL vs canal length; apical constriction concept; 10.2 Radiographic WL method: principles, limitations, interpretation; 10.3 Electronic apex locator: principle, clinical use, factors affecting accuracy; 10.4 Preflaring concept and its impact on WL accuracy (intro); 10.5 Consequences of over- vs under-instrumentation (biological and clinical)

11.1 Objectives: debridement, disinfection facilitation, shaping for obturation; 11.2 Glide path concept; canal negotiation sequence (intro); 11.3 Hand instrumentation techniques; 11.4 Taper and apical size selection concepts (intro level); 11.5 Lubricants/chelators (EDTA gels) and their role (overview); 11.6 Curved canals: pre-curving files; anti-curvature filing concept; safety principles, 11.7 Procedural errors: ledge, transportation, zipping, perforation (recognition + prevention); 11.8 Inst

12.1 Rationale: tissue dissolution, biofilm disruption, smear layer concepts; 12.2 Sodium hypochlorite: mechanism, concentration concepts, risks; 12.3 EDTA: smear layer removal; timing and sequence concepts; 12.4 Chlorhexidine: indications concept, limitations and interactions awareness; 12.5 Delivery systems: needle types (side-vented), depth control, agitation awareness (intro); 12.6 Irrigation protocols (principles): sequence and “final rinse” concept; 12.7 Irrigation complications: NaOCl acc

13.1 Indications for medicaments (multi-visit cases, persistent exudate, symptoms); 13.2 Calcium hydroxide: mechanism, placement basics, limitations; 13.3 Temporary sealing between visits: leakage prevention, thickness, material selection; 13.4 Inter-appointment flare-up prevention principles (overview)

14.1 Objectives: 3D seal concept; apical/coronal/lateral seal; 14.2 Gutta-percha: properties and handling basics; 14.3 Sealers: categories overview (ZOE/resin/calcium-silicate concept); 14.4 Obturation techniques exposure; 14.5 Post-obturation evaluation: length, density, taper, voids, extrusion recognition

15.1 Importance of coronal seal and immediate restoration; 15.2 Restorability assessment: remaining tooth structure, cracks, cusp coverage concept; 15.3 Foundations of ferrule concept (intro); 15.4 Provisional vs definitive restoration timing (principles); 15.5 Posts (intro): indications/contraindications; fibre vs metal overview (not for “reinforcement”)

16.1 Symptomatic irreversible pulpitis: principles of emergency care (overview); 16.2 Acute apical abscess: drainage concepts (through canal/incision awareness), occlusal reduction (selected); 16.3 Antibiotics in endodontics: when indicated vs not (principle-based overview); 16.4 Flare-ups: prevention and basic management steps (undergrad)

17.1 Pulp responses to trauma: necrosis, calcific metamorphosis (intro), resorption (intro); 17.2 Crown fractures with pulp exposure: vital pulp therapy awareness (overview); 17.3 Luxation injuries: basic overview and referral thresholds; 17.4 Immature teeth: apexogenesis/apexification awareness and referral triggers

18.1 Internal resorption: causes, recognition (basic), management concept; 18.2 External resorption: inflammatory/cervical (intro), recognition and referral conceptz; 18.3 Radiographic differentiation concepts (basic)

19.1 Pathways: apical foramen, lateral canals, dentinal tubules; 19.2 Lesion patterns: primary endo vs primary perio vs combined (intro); 19.3 Diagnostic approach: probing + vitality + radiographs (principles); 19.4 Management principle: treat suspected primary endo first (concept)

20.1 Endodontic records: diagnosis, tests, WL method, irrigants, obturation, restoration; 20.2 Consent: key risks (separation, perforation, flare-up, NaOCl accident, post-op pain); 20.3 Radiation protection principles for endodontic imaging; 20.4 Referral criteria: complex anatomy, severe curvatures, calcified canals, resorption, trauma cases