Biochemistry

1.1 Foundations of Biochemistry; 1.2 Homeostasis and Metabolism; 1.3 Why Biochemistry Matters in Dentistry

2.1 Cell Types and Organelles; 2.2 Biological Membranes and Transport; 2.3 Cell Cycle, Cell Death and Oral Relevance

3.1 Water and Acid–Base Chemistry; 3.2 Buffer Systems in Blood and Saliva; 3.3 Bioenergetics and Redox

4.1 Amino Acids: Structure, Classification and Ionization; 4.2 Peptides and the Levels of Protein Structure; 4.3 Protein Types and Oral Relevance

5.1 Enzyme structure, function and classification; 5.2 Enzyme kinetics, inhibition and regulation; 5.3 Cofactors, isoenzymes and oral relevance

6.1 Structure and classification of carbohydrates; 6.2 Isomerism and reducing behavior; 6.3 Complex carbohydrates and oral relevance

7.1 Metabolic Pathways and Glycolysis; 7.2 The TCA Cycle and Oxidative Phosphorylation; 7.3 Glucose Storage, Alternative Pathways and Clinical Relevance

8.1 Lipid Chemistry and Classification; 8.2 Major Lipid Classes; 8.3 Cholesterol, Steroids and Lipid Transport; 8.4 Oral and Clinical Relevance

9.1 Digestion, Absorption and Oxidation of Lipids; 9.2 Fuel Storage and Biosynthetic Pathways; 9.3 Lipid Transport and Clinical Relevance

10.1 Protein Digestion, Absorption and Nitrogen Economy; 10.2 Amino Acid Catabolism and Nitrogen Disposal; 10.3 Non-Protein Nitrogenous Substances and Oral Relevance

11.1 Nucleotide and nucleic acid structure; 11.2 RNA, chromatin and the gene; 11.3 Biological roles of nucleotides

12.1 DNA Replication and Transcription; 12.2 The Genetic Code and Protein Synthesis; 12.3 Mutations and Molecular Applications in Dentistry

13.1 Electron Transport Chain and Oxidative Phosphorylation; 13.2 Inhibitors, Uncouplers and Reactive Oxygen Species; 13.3 Antioxidant Systems and Oral Relevance

14.1 Hemoglobin and Myoglobin: Structure and Variants; 14.2 Oxygen Transport and Hemoglobinopathies; 14.3 Heme Metabolism, Bilirubin and Oral Relevance

15.1 Classification and General Properties of Vitamins; 15.2 Functions and Deficiency States; 15.3 Oral and Dental Relevance

16.1 Macro-Minerals and Trace Elements; 16.2 Calcium–Phosphate Homeostasis and Mineralised Tissues; 16.3 Demineralisation, Remineralisation and Oral Relevance

17.1 Hormone classes and mechanisms of action; 17.2 Major glands and metabolic regulation; 17.3 Endocrine disorders and oral relevance

18.1 Blood pH and Buffer Systems; 18.2 Regulation of pH and Its Disorders; 18.3 Electrolytes and Their Oral Relevance

19.1 Reference Ranges and Test Interpretation; 19.2 Routine Organ Panels; 19.3 Saliva and Oral Relevance